La formulación de objetivos de investigación es fundamental para cualquier proyecto investigativo, ya que sienta las bases y las metas de dicho trabajo. Es por eso, que saber cuando están bien formulados puede determinar el éxito o el fracaso del mismo.
A continuación, explicamos algunos criterios que se deben tener en cuenta al momento de plantear los objetivos de una tesis o investigación.
Formulados como logros y no como actividades
Los objetivos se diferencian del hacer ya que contienen una finalidad o un logro. En la investigación por lo general solo se plantea el logro, pues las actividades son muchas en una misma investigación. Una forma de ayudarnos a encontrar el logro o la finalidad del objetivo es preguntarnos: ¿Qué se quiero saber acerca de este evento, característica o situación? ¿Cuál es el resultado de conocimiento que se aspira obtener?
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El verbo estudiar representa una actividad, pero no indica cuál va a ser el resultado o el logro de ese estudio. Por el contrario, verificar implica que al final el investigador podrá decir si la hipótesis se cumplió o no y, de entrada, indica que se trata de una investigación confirmatoria.
Su resultado es un conocimiento nuevo
Dado que la investigación es un proceso que busca generar conocimiento nuevo a través de la indagación, todo objetivo de investigación debe implicar el loro de un conocimiento que es novedoso, tanto para el investigador como para la comunidad científica.
Cada objetivo tiene un solo logro
Un objetivo general de investigación debe involucrar un solo logro, pues es el que determina el tipo de estudio y su finalidad. Si hay varios logros dentro de un mismo objetivo, implica que la investigación no está delimitada claramente y hay varios estudios mezclados en uno, lo cual puede llevar al investigador a resultados confusos y ambiguos.
El objetivo general responde a la pregunta de investigación
Debido a que los objetivos expresan el conocimiento que se quiere lograr en la investigación y, en última instancia, ese conocimiento está orientado a responder la pregunta de investigación, una de las implicaciones más importantes es que el objetivo general está en correspondencia con la pregunta de investigación, y por ende, busca responderla.
Los objetivos comienzan con un solo verbo
La formulación del objetivo debe comenzar con un solo verbo en infinitivo (conocer, analizar, comprender…). Un objetivo podrá comenzar con varios verbos, solamente si éstos aluden a actividades requeridas para alcanzar el logro: es decir, es posible que para alcanzar un logro se requiera de varias actividades, sin embargo, dado que los objetivos se plantean solo con el logro, entonces solo tendrán un verbo relacionado con dicho logro. En otras palabras, un objetivo de investigación no debe comenzar con varios verbos, sino con uno solo, referido al logro final.
Los objetivos específicos conducen al logro del general
Los objetivos específicos corresponden a los estadios o pasos anteriores al objetivo general. Es decir, se refieren a todo el conocimiento que se debe ir generando progresivamente para poder resolver y lograr el objetivo general. Cada objetivo específico genera un conocimiento nuevo que se requiere como insumo para los objetivos siguientes.
Los objetivos tienen una jerarquía y se contienen unos a otros
Debido a que los objetivos son integradores, para plantearse un objetivo de mayor profundidad se requiere antes haber logrado objetivos de menor profundidad o complejidad, pues los objetivos aparentemente menos complejos están contenidos dentro de los más complejos. De esta forma, los objetivos deben abarcar todos los aspectos de la investigación.
Hay un solo objetivo general
Bueno, si hay una pregunta debe haber una respuesta ¿no? No tiene sentido plantear más de un objetivo general. Si quisiéramos plantear dos objetivos generales y uno fuese de mayor nivel que otro, obviamente el de mayor nivel sería general y el otro sería un objetivo específico. Si ambos fuesen del mismo nivel, con el mismo evento de estudio, entonces corresponderían al mismo objetivo con diferente redacción. Por último, si ambos fuesen del mismo nivel con eventos de estudio diferentes, serían dos investigaciones.
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